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School of Journalism and Mass Communication

Visual media symposium 2024, state of visual evidence symposium.

We invite experts in the field of visual communication to discuss the current challenges and opportunities that synthetic media pose for the contemporary media environment, and how we can utilize visuals as data to answer social scientific questions.

Date: Monday, April 8, 3-6:30 p.m. (central time USA)

Conference Mode: Zoom  

Register here

Opening Remarks: 3-3:15 p.m.

Melissa Tully, Sang Jung Kim, Alex Scott and Bingbing Zhang

Keynote 1: 3:15-4:15 p.m.

Speaker: Bryce Dietrich  

Moderator: Sang Jung Kim

Topic: Video-as-data; Seeing Racial Avoidance on Virtual Streets

Speaker Bio: Dietrich is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Purdue University. He is also a Research Scholar at the Center for C-SPAN Scholarship & Engagement. Previously, he was an Assistant Professor of Social Science Informatics at the University of Iowa and a postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School and Northeastern University.

Dietrich's research uses novel quantitative, automated, and machine learning methods to analyze non-traditional data sources such as audio (or speech) data and video data. He uses these to understand the causes and consequences of non-verbal political behavior, such as vocal inflections and walking trajectories, especially in relation to descriptive representation and implicit gender/racial bias. Underlying this research is a love for high-performance computing and a genuine desire to make "big data" more accessible, while his substantive interests are firmly grounded in American political behavior at both the mass- and elite-level.

Keynote 2: 4:15-5:15 p.m

Speaker: Cindy Shen  

Moderator: Bingbing Zhang

Topic: Perception, mechanism, and intervention of visual misinformation 

Speaker Bio: Cuihua (Cindy) Shen is a professor of communication at UC Davis and the co-director of the Computational Communication Research lab. Her recent research focuses on computational social science and multimodal (mis)information in AI-mediated environments. She is the past chair of the Computational Methods Division of the International Communication Association, and the founding associate editor of the journal Computational Communication Research , as well as the associate editor of Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication . Her research has been funded by the National Science Foundation and Facebook. She is a recipient of numerous top paper awards from ICA as well as a Fulbright US Scholar Award. 

Keynote 3: 5:15-6:15 p.m.

Q & A with  T. J. Thomson  

Moderator: Alex Scott

Topic: Impact of AI generated images & visual misinformation 

Speaker Bio:   A majority of Thomson's research centers on the visual aspects of news and journalism and on the concerns and processes relevant to those who make, edit, and present visual news. He has broader interests in digital media, journalism studies, and visual culture and often focuses on under-represented identities, attributes, and environments in his research. Thomson is committed to not only studying visual communication phenomena but also working to increase the visibility, innovation, and quality of how research findings are presented, accessed, and understood.

Thomson has obtained more than $1.32 million in external research funding from a number of organizations, including the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Australian Research Council, the Office of the Queensland Chief Scientist, the University of Nottingham Ningbo China, and the International Visual Literacy Association. He has also been awarded research fellowships in China and Germany.

Closing Remarks: 6:15-6:30 p.m.

Sang Jung Kim, Alex Scott and Bingbing Zhang

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The School of Journalism and Mass Communication and Visual Media Lab would like to thank the symposium co-sponsors for their support of this event:

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  • The Iowa Initiative for Artificial Intelligence

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  • Published: 21 February 2024

Evolutionary novelties underlie sound production in baleen whales

  • Coen P. H. Elemans   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-5715 1 ,
  • Weili Jiang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-9653 2 ,
  • Mikkel H. Jensen 1 ,
  • Helena Pichler 3 ,
  • Bo R. Mussman 4 , 5 ,
  • Jacob Nattestad 4 ,
  • Magnus Wahlberg 1 ,
  • Xudong Zheng 2 ,
  • Qian Xue   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8462-1271 2 &
  • W. Tecumseh Fitch   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-0928 3 , 6  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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  • Biomechanics
  • Numerical simulations

Baleen whales (mysticetes) use vocalizations to mediate their complex social and reproductive behaviours in vast, opaque marine environments 1 . Adapting to an obligate aquatic lifestyle demanded fundamental physiological changes to efficiently produce sound, including laryngeal specializations 2 , 3 , 4 . Whereas toothed whales (odontocetes) evolved a nasal vocal organ 5 , mysticetes have been thought to use the larynx for sound production 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 . However, there has been no direct demonstration that the mysticete larynx can phonate, or if it does, how it produces the great diversity of mysticete sounds 9 . Here we combine experiments on the excised larynx of three mysticete species with detailed anatomy and computational models to show that mysticetes evolved unique laryngeal structures for sound production. These structures allow some of the largest animals that ever lived to efficiently produce frequency-modulated, low-frequency calls. Furthermore, we show that this phonation mechanism is likely to be ancestral to all mysticetes and shares its fundamental physical basis with most terrestrial mammals, including humans 10 , birds 11 , and their closest relatives, odontocetes 5 . However, these laryngeal structures set insurmountable physiological limits to the frequency range and depth of their vocalizations, preventing them from escaping anthropogenic vessel noise 12 , 13 and communicating at great depths 14 , thereby greatly reducing their active communication range.

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communication studies paper 1

Data availability

Source data for figures are available at Zenodo ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10390075 ). The B. musculus recording is from Discovery of Sounds in the Sea, https://dosits.org/galleries/audio-gallery/marine-mammals/baleen-whales/blue-whale/ . The B. mysticus recording is from the Watkins Marine Mammal Sound Database, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the New Bedford Whaling Museum ( https://whoicf2.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cfm ).  Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

Code is available at Zenodo ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10390075 ).

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Acknowledgements

We thank staff at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, the Fisheries and Maritime Museum and the Danish Nature Agency for their aid in stranding response and dissection of the sei and humpback whales; C. Bie Thøstesen and M. Tange Olsen for help in organizing the dissections; G. Hantke and A. Kitchener for providing the minke whale larynx; C. Herbst and D. Mann for assistance with experiments in Vienna; and L. Jakobsen, P. T. Madsen and D. Wisniewska for comments on the manuscript. Funding was from Carlsberg Foundation CF14-1096 and NovoNordisk grant NFF20OC0063964 to C.P.H.E. and an Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant W1262-B29 to W.T.F.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Sound Communication and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Coen P. H. Elemans, Mikkel H. Jensen & Magnus Wahlberg

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA

Weili Jiang, Xudong Zheng & Qian Xue

Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Helena Pichler & W. Tecumseh Fitch

Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

Bo R. Mussman & Jacob Nattestad

Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Bo R. Mussman

Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

W. Tecumseh Fitch

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Contributions

C.P.H.E., M.H.J. and M.W. carried out experiments on excised larynx in Odense, and C.P.H.E., H.P. and W.T.F. in Vienna. C.P.H.E., B.R.M. and J.N. scanned the preparations and M.H.J. and H.P. annotated the scans. C.P.H.E. designed and built the experimental set-ups in Odense, analysed the experimental data and made figures. W.J., X.Z., C.P.H.E. and Q.X. developed the FSI model. W.J. analysed simulation data and made figures. C.P.H.E. carried out and analysed the material tests. C.P.H.E. and W.T.F. wrote the first drafts of the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the final draft.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Coen P. H. Elemans or W. Tecumseh Fitch .

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature thanks Nicholas Pyenson, Joy Reidenberg and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended data fig. 1 sei whale larynx gross anatomy..

a , 3D render of laryngeal cartilages based on CT scan as in Fig. 1d . b , Ventral view of larynx defrosted after in vitro phonation experiment. Laryngeal sac has been cut medially and the blue tracheal connector is visible. c , Dorsal view of larynx with cricoid cartilage cut and arytenoids bend laterally. d , View on Cricoid Cushion (CC) and Transverse arytenoid folds (TAF) in rest (left) and adducted against each other as during phonation (right). e , Sagittal sections through the CC at various adjacent locations showing the tensor pulvini muscle (deep red) and CC fat (yellow to greenish). Section 7 and 8 have already been frozen in liquid nitrogen. f , 3D render and g , dissection view of medial section through larynx. Indicated are CC sections and TAF sections through the arytenoid cartilage (below).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Humpback whales phonate by CC against TAF vibration.

a , Still of endoscopic view. b , Overview and c , detail of small section of the in vitro sound production data showing that the CC and TAFs vibrate and that sound and acceleration excitation occurs on gap opening.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Tissue motion during phonation on CC and TAF mucosa.

Motion during phonation at Probe 1 and 2 location (Fig. 3f ) is larger on CC compared to TAF mucosa (1.84 ± 0.08 vs. 0.32 ± 0.01 mm in Probe 1 location, n = 11 cycles; two-tailed, paired t-test, p = 6.2e −10 ).

Extended Data Fig. 4 Ingressive flow does not lead to stable self-sustained oscillations of CC against TAF.

a, Laryngeal flow waveform and b, probe readout showing a damped vibration, instead of self-sustained oscillations. See also Supplementary Video  6 .

Extended Data Fig. 5 Stimulation of vocalis muscle does not have a notable effect on vocalization frequency.

Three different stimulation levels (α) of the vocalis muscle: a , α = 0; b , α = 0.1; c , α = 0.2. Left, the muscle stress in the fibre direction; Right: Laryngeal flow as a function of time. The fundamental frequency (f o ) was obtained by a fast fourier transform of the data from 50 ms to 400 ms.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Strain-stress relationship of the passive component of the modelled muscle tissue.

Left, transverse direction. Right, along the fibre direction.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information, reporting summary, supplementary audio 1.

Aerial sound signal of CC against TAF phonation in sei whale.

Supplementary Audio 2

Acceleration signal of CC against TAF phonation in sei whale.

Supplementary Audio 3

Electroglottograph signal of CC against TAF phonation in sei whale.

Supplementary Audio 4

Aerial sound signal of CC against TAF phonation in minke whale.

Supplementary Audio 5

Electroglottograph signal of CC against TAF phonation in minke whale.

Supplementary Audio 6

Aerial sound signal of CC against TAF phonation in humpback whale.

Supplementary Audio 7

Acceleration signal of CC against TAF phonation in humpback whale.

Supplementary Audio 8

Electroglottograph signal of CC against TAF phonation in humpback whale.

Supplementary Audio 9

Aerial sound signal of bilateral TAF phonation in humpback whale.

Supplementary Audio 10

Acceleration signal of bilateral TAF phonation in humpback whale.

Supplementary Video 1

Supplementary video 2, supplementary video 3, supplementary video 4, supplementary video 5, supplementary video 6, supplementary video 7, source data, source data fig. 2, source data fig. 3, source data fig. 4, rights and permissions.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Elemans, C.P.H., Jiang, W., Jensen, M.H. et al. Evolutionary novelties underlie sound production in baleen whales. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07080-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07080-1

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