Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking
Blocking assignment statements are assigned using = and are executed one after the other in a procedural block. However, this will not prevent execution of statments that run in a parallel block.
Note that there are two initial blocks which are executed in parallel when simulation starts. Statements are executed sequentially in each block and both blocks finish at time 0ns. To be more specific, variable a gets assigned first, followed by the display statement which is then followed by all other statements. This is visible in the output where variable b and c are 8'hxx in the first display statement. This is because variable b and c assignments have not been executed yet when the first $display is called.
In the next example, we'll add a few delays into the same set of statements to see how it behaves.
Non-blocking
Non-blocking assignment allows assignments to be scheduled without blocking the execution of following statements and is specified by a symbol. It's interesting to note that the same symbol is used as a relational operator in expressions, and as an assignment operator in the context of a non-blocking assignment. If we take the first example from above, replace all = symobls with a non-blocking assignment operator , we'll see some difference in the output.
See that all the $display statements printed 'h'x . The reason for this behavior lies in the way non-blocking assignments are executed. The RHS of every non-blocking statement of a particular time-step is captured, and moves onto the next statement. The captured RHS value is assigned to the LHS variable only at the end of the time-step.
So, if we break down the execution flow of the above example we'll get something like what's shown below.
Next, let's use the second example and replace all blocking statements into non-blocking.
Once again we can see that the output is different than what we got before.
If we break down the execution flow we'll get something like what's shown below.
Blocking vs. Nonblocking in Verilog
The concept of Blocking vs. Nonblocking signal assignments is a unique one to hardware description languages. The main reason to use either Blocking or Nonblocking assignments is to generate either combinational or sequential logic. In software, all assignments work one at a time. So for example in the C code below:
The second line is only allowed to be executed once the first line is complete. Although you probably didn’t know it, this is an example of a blocking assignment. One assignment blocks the next from executing until it is done. In a hardware description language such as Verilog there is logic that can execute concurrently or at the same time as opposed to one-line-at-a-time and there needs to be a way to tell which logic is which.
<= Nonblocking Assignment
= Blocking Assignment
The always block in the Verilog code above uses the Nonblocking Assignment, which means that it will take 3 clock cycles for the value 1 to propagate from r_Test_1 to r_Test_3. Now consider this code:
See the difference? In the always block above, the Blocking Assignment is used. In this example, the value 1 will immediately propagate to r_Test_3 . The Blocking assignment immediately takes the value in the right-hand-side and assigns it to the left hand side. Here’s a good rule of thumb for Verilog:
In Verilog, if you want to create sequential logic use a clocked always block with Nonblocking assignments. If you want to create combinational logic use an always block with Blocking assignments. Try not to mix the two in the same always block.
Nonblocking and Blocking Assignments can be mixed in the same always block. However you must be careful when doing this! It’s actually up to the synthesis tools to determine whether a blocking assignment within a clocked always block will infer a Flip-Flop or not. If it is possible that the signal will be read before being assigned, the tools will infer sequential logic. If not, then the tools will generate combinational logic. For this reason it’s best just to separate your combinational and sequential code as much as possible.
One last point: you should also understand the semantics of Verilog. When talking about Blocking and Nonblocking Assignments we are referring to Assignments that are exclusively used in Procedures (always, initial, task, function). You are only allowed to assign the reg data type in procedures. This is different from a Continuous Assignment . Continuous Assignments are everything that’s not a Procedure, and only allow for updating the wire data type.
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verilog Procedural Blocks Non-blocking assignments
A non-blocking assignment ( <= ) is used for assignment inside edge-sensitive always blocks. Within a block, the new values are not visible until the entire block has been processed. For example:
Notice the use of non-blocking ( <= ) assignments here. Since the first assignment doesn't actually take effect until after the procedural block, the second assignment does what is intended and actually swaps the two variables -- unlike in a blocking assignment ( = ) or assignments in other languages; f1 still has its original value on the right-hand-side of the second assignment in the block.
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Verification Guide
SystemVerilog Blocking assignment
Blocking assignment.
Blocking assignment statements execute in series order. Blocking assignment blocks the execution of the next statement until the completion of the current assignment execution.
Blocking assignment example
In Below Example, a and b is initialized with value 10 and 15 respectively, after that b is being assigned to a (a value will become 15), and value 20 is assigned to b. After assignment value of a = 15 and b=20.
Simulator Output:
Blocking assignment example-2
In Below Example, a and b are initialized with value 10 and 15 respectively, after that b is being assigned to a (a value will become 15), and value 20 is assigned to b. After assignment value of a = 15 and b = 20.
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Blocking and Non-blocking Assignment in Verilog
- Assignment is only done in procedural block(always ot initial block)
- Both combintational and sequential circuit can be described.
- Assignment can only possible to reg type irrespect of circuit type
Let's say we want to describe a 4-bit shift register in Verilog. For this, we are required to declare a 3-bit reg type variable.
The output of shift[0] is the input of shift[1], output of shift[1] is input of shift[2], and all have the same clock. Let's complete the description using both assignment operator.
Non-Blocking Assignment
When we do synthesis, it consider non-blocking assignment separately for generating a netlist. If we see register assignment in below Verilog code, all register are different if we consider non-blocking assignment separately. If you do the synthesis, it will generate 3 registers with three input/output interconnects with a positive edge clock interconnect for all register. Based on the Verilog description, all are connected sequentially because shift[0] is assigned d, shift[1] is assigned shift[0], and shift[2] is assigned shift[1].
Blocking Assignment
If we use blocking assignment and do the syhtheis, the synthesis tool first generate netlist for first blocking assignment and then go for the next blocking assignment. If in next blocking assignment, if previous output of the register is assigned to next, it will generate only a wire of previously assigned register.
In below Verilog code, even though all looks three different assignment but synthesis tool generate netlist for first blocking assigment which is one register, working on positive edge of clock, input d and output shift[0]. Since blocking assignment is used, for next blocking assignment, only wire is generated which is connected to shift[0]. Same is for next statement a wire is generated which is connected to shift[0].
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Non Blocking Proceduaral assignments
The non-blocking assignment statement starts its execution by evaluating the RHS operand at the beginning of a time slot and schedules its update to the LHS operand at the end of a time slot. Other Verilog statements can be executed between the evaluation of the RHS operand and the update of the LHS operand. As it does not block other Verilog statement assignments, it is called a non-blocking assignment.
A less than or equal to ‘<=’ is used as a symbol for the non-blocking assignment operator.
- If <= symbol is used in an expression then it is interpreted as a relational operator.
- If <= symbol is used in an assignment then it is interpreted as a non blocking operator.
How race around condition is resolved in a nonblocking assignment?
If a variable is used in LHS of blocking assignment in one procedural block and the same variable is used in RHS of another blocking assignment in another procedural block.
In this example,
Since procedural blocks (both initial and always) can be executed in any order.
In a non-blocking assignment statement no matter what is the order of execution, both RHS of the assignments (y <= data and data <= y) are evaluated at the beginning of the timeslot and LHS operands are updated at the end of a time slot. Thus, race around condition is avoided as there is no dependency on execution order and the order of execution of these two statements can be said to happen parallelly.
Verilog procedural assignment guidelines
For a beginner in Verilog, blocking and non-blocking assignments may create confusion. If are used blindly, it may create race conditions or incorrect synthesizable design. Hence, it is important to understand how to use them. To achieve synthesized RTL correctly, Verilog coding guidelines for blocking and non-blocking assignments are mentioned below
- Use non-blocking assignments for modeling flip flops, latches, and sequential logic.
- Use blocking assignment to implement combinational logic in always block.
- Use non-blocking assignment to implement sequential logic in always block.
- Do not mix blocking and non-blocking assignments in single always block i.e. For the implementation of sequential and combination logic in a single ‘always’ block, use non-blocking assignments.
- Do not assign value to the same variable in the different procedural blocks.
- Use non-blocking assignments while modeling both combination and sequential logic within the same always block.
- Avoid using #0 delay in the assignments.
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Non-blocking assignment allows assignments to be scheduled without blocking the execution of following statements and is specified by a <= symbol. It's interesting to note that the same symbol is used as a relational operator in expressions, and as an assignment operator in the context of a non-blocking assignment.
In the non-blocking assignment, all the assignments will occur at the same time. (during the end of simulation timestamp) Nonblocking assignment example In the below example, a and b are initialized with values 10 and 15 respectively, after that b is being assigned to a (a value will become 15), and value 20 is assigned to b.
Non-blocking assignment executes in parallel because it describes assignments that all occur at the same time. The result of a statement on the 2nd line will not depend on the results of the statement on the 1st line. Instead, the 2nd line will execute as if the 1st line had not happened yet. Share Cite Follow answered Nov 24, 2013 at 4:21
6 Answers Sorted by: 44 The conventional Verilog wisdom has it all wrong. There is no problem with using blocking assignments for a local variable. However, you should never use blocking assignments for synchronous communication, as this is nondeterministic.
Nonblocking assignment: all assignments deferred until all right-hand sides have been evaluated (end of simulation timestep) always @ (a or b or c) begin x <= y <= z <= | b; ^ b ^ c; & ~c; 1. Evaluate a | 2. Evaluate a^b^c 3. Evaluate b&(~c) but defer assignment of x but defer assignment of y but defer assignment of z end 4. Assign x, y, and
The concept of Blocking vs. Nonblocking signal assignments is a unique one to hardware description languages. The main reason to use either Blocking or Nonblocking assignments is to generate either combinational or sequential logic. In software, all assignments work one at a time. So for example in the C code below: 1 2 3 LED_on = 0;
An edge-sensitive intra-assignment timing control permits a special use of the repeat loop. The edge sensitive time control may be repeated several times before the delay is completed. Either the blocking or the non-blocking assignment may be used. always always @(IN) @(IN) OUT OUT <= <= repeat.
A non-blocking assignment ( <=) is used for assignment inside edge-sensitive always blocks. Within a block, the new values are not visible until the entire block has been processed. For example:
Non-blocking assignments were created to help model sequential logic. They help distinguish between the old and new value of a signal. They should be avoided in combinatorial logic as they can create problems with simulation if there are multiple clock domains. It also creates a lot of unnecessary signal rippling. Synthesis tools don't care.
Blocking assignment blocks the execution of the next statement until the completion of the current assignment execution. Blocking assignment example In Below Example, a and b is initialized with value 10 and 15 respectively, after that b is being assigned to a (a value will become 15), and value 20 is assigned to b.
Race #1 Blocking and non-blocking assignments byte slam; bit dunk; initial begin forever begin @(posedge clk); dunk = ~dunk; slam += dunk; end end always @(posedge clk) basket <= slam + dunk; Race #1 must be the number one most common race condition in Verilog/SystemVerilog. Hardware designers may be more familiar with this race, but ...
Nonblocking Statements: Nonblocking statements allow you to schedule assignments without blocking the procedural flow. You can use the nonblocking procedural statement whenever you want to make several register assignments within the same time step without regard to order or dependence upon each other.
When working with behavioural modeling in Verilog, there are two types of assigment which is known as blocking and non blocking assigment and both of them there is a operator, '=' operator for blocking assignment and '<=' operator for non blocking assigment.
But that is before the non-blocking assignment has a chance to update the 'a' argument. So each call to 't1' copies the previous value of 'a' to 'd2'. What you need to do is make 'a' pass by reference instead of by value. Pass by reference also requires that the task have an automatic lifetime. task automatic t1 (input [7:4 ...
Non Blocking Proceduaral assignments. The non-blocking assignment statement starts its execution by evaluating the RHS operand at the beginning of a time slot and schedules its update to the LHS operand at the end of a time slot. Other Verilog statements can be executed between the evaluation of the RHS operand and the update of the LHS operand ...
1 Answer Sorted by: 18 According to section 11.4.2 of IEEE Std 1800-2012, it is blocking. SystemVerilog includes the C increment and decrement assignment operators ++i , --i , i++ , and i-- . These do not need parentheses when used in expressions. These increment and decrement assignment operators behave as blocking assignments. Share
In this sample code, sum is computed using non-blocking assignments. It was intended to have a value of (1+3+5+6)=15 on the first posedge of clk; which I have observed in original hardware. But in simulation the result was 6 at the posedge of clk (which is abc [3] ). Since the systemverilog simulators schedule the assignments for non-blocking ...
now I know in Verilog, to make a sequential logic you would almost always have use the non-blocking assignment (<=) in an always block. But does this rule also apply to internal variables? If blocking assignments were to be used for internal variables in an always block would it make it comb or seq logic?