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• IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

IEEE Paper Format | Template & Guidelines

Published on August 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 6, 2023.

IEEE provides guidelines for formatting your paper. These guidelines must be followed when you’re submitting a manuscript for publication in an IEEE journal. Some of the key guidelines are:

• Formatting the text as two columns, in Times New Roman, 10 pt.
• Including a byline, an abstract , and a set of keywords at the start of the research paper
• Placing any figures, tables, and equations at the top or bottom of a column, not in the middle
• Following the appropriate heading styles for any headings you use
• Including a full list of IEEE references at the end
• Not including page numbers

To learn more about the specifics of IEEE paper format, check out the free template below. Note that you may not need to follow these rules if you’ve only been told to use IEEE citation format for a student paper. But you do need to follow them to submit to IEEE publications.

Table of contents

Ieee format template, ieee heading styles, frequently asked questions about ieee.

The template below can be used to make sure that your paper follows IEEE format. It’s set up with custom Word styles for all the different parts of the text, with the right fonts and formatting and with further explanation of key points.

Make sure to remove all the explanatory text in the template when you insert your own.

Download IEEE paper format template

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IEEE recommends specific heading styles to distinguish the title and different levels of heading in your paper from each other. Styles for each of these are built into the template.

The paper title is written in 24 pt. Times New Roman, centered at the top of the first page. Other headings are all written in 10 pt. Times New Roman:

• Level 1 text headings begin with a roman numeral followed by a period. They are written in small caps, in title case, and centered.
• Level 2 text headings begin with a capital letter followed by a period. They are italicized, left-aligned, and written in title case.
• Level 3 text headings begin with a number followed by a closing parenthesis . They are italicized, written in sentence case, and indented like a regular paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon .
• Level 4 text headings begin with a lowercase letter followed by a closing parenthesis. They are italicized, written in sentence case, and indented slightly further than a normal paragraph. The text of the section follows the heading immediately, after a colon.
• Component headings are used for the different components of your paper outside of the main text, such as the acknowledgments and references. They are written in small caps, in title case, centered, and without any numbering.

You should use 10 pt. Times New Roman font in your IEEE format paper .

For the paper title, 26 pt. Times New Roman is used. For some other paper elements like table footnotes, the font can be slightly smaller. All the correct stylings are available in our free IEEE format template .

No, page numbers are not included in an IEEE format paper . If you’re submitting to an IEEE publication, page numbers will be added in the final publication but aren’t needed in the manuscript.

IEEE paper format requires you to include an abstract summarizing the content of your paper. It appears at the start of the paper, right after you list your name and affiliation.

The abstract begins with the word “Abstract,” italicized and followed by an em dash. The abstract itself follows immediately on the same line. The entire section is written in bold font. For example: “ Abstract —This paper discusses … ”

You can find the correct format for your IEEE abstract and other parts of the paper in our free IEEE paper format template .

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Structure Your Article

Learn about the elements that organize a typical IEEE journal article and how to compose your work to help communicate your ideas more clearly.

The article’s title should be specific, concise, and descriptive to help readers decide if they should read the full article.  Use keywords and short phrases to describe the article’s content in as few words as possible.  Avoid terms such as “new” or “novel” since the reader already knows that your research is new and worthy of publication.

Follow the IEEE authorship guidelines when determining who belongs on the author list. 

You may publish your name in your native language, alongside the English version of your name, in the author list if you wish.  The guidelines below are for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters. All other native language names should be submitted via Unicode characters. In your article’s cover letter, indicate that the article includes author names in native languages.

Be sure to carefully check the rendering of your name in your article during the proof stage before article publication.

Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

The following font styles will be used when rendering Chinese, Japanese, or Korean characters in the final publication. Use the appropriate font for your native language to avoid potential errors.

• Simplified Chinese: SongMT
• Traditional Chinese: SungMT
• Japanese: MS Mincho
• Korean: Batang

Use Microsoft Word’s Insert Symbols feature to add the correct characters in parentheses after the name of each author who would like to have their name shown in their native language. Use the standard font listed above to ensure accuracy.

When writing in LaTeX, provide the CJK Ascii Unicode for Chinese (traditional or simplified), Japanese, or Korean.

Your abstract should provide a brief summary of the research conducted, the conclusions reached, and the potential implications of those conclusions.

A strong abstract will also:

• Consist of a single paragraph up to 250 words, with correct grammar and unambiguous terminology
• Be self-contained; without abbreviations, footnotes, references, or mathematical equations
• Highlight what is novel in your work
• Include 3-5 keywords or phrases that describe the research, with any abbreviations clearly defined, to help readers find your article

Most authors write the abstract last and edit it multiple times before article publication to ensure it accurately captures the entire article.

IEEE recommends that you do not include mathematical symbols in your article title or abstract because they may not display properly.

Using the right keywords in your article can make your article more easily and reliably discoverable—which leads to a broader readership for your article. For best results, define any abbreviations and, where possible, strive to use standardized keywords. Using the IEEE Thesaurus  can help you find the best standardized keywords to fit your article. Use the  thesaurus access request form  for free access to the  IEEE Thesaurus .   

Back to Top

First Footnote

The first footnote is not numbered. All other footnotes in the article are numbered consecutively. Do not use asterisks or daggers. The first footnote (or the author affiliation paragraph) is made up of at least three paragraphs.   

First paragraph

The first paragraph consists of:

• all IEEE-provided received, revised, and accepted dates of the article, as well as the two additional online published dates (i.e., first and final publication dates)
• author-provided name(s) of the corresponding author(s) (as well as names of equally contributed authors or co-first authors, if applicable)
• author-provided full financial support for the work in the article (listed here and not in the Acknowledgment)
• author-provided   information of full or partial prior presentation of an article (referred to as a “paper”) at a conference, including the DOI of the prior presentation, which links to the conference version and not a preprint; if an article is a thesis or part of a thesis or dissertation, this should be noted in the last sentence of the first paragraph
• Articles That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Have Review Board Approval: This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. Approval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by (Name of Review Board or Committee) (if provided under Application No. xx, and performed in line with the (Name of Specific Declaration (if applicable/provided)).
• Articles That Are Reporting on Human/Animal Research and Are Exempt From Review Board Approval: This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. The author(s) confirm(s) that all human/animal subject research procedures and protocols are exempt from review board approval.

Refer to the IEEE’s policy on Research on Human and Animal Subjects .

Second paragraph

The second paragraph consists of author affiliations, including author-provided department, university or corporation, city, state, province or prefecture (if provided), postal code, and country for each author. Note that the country and corresponding author’s e-mail address must be included. All authors may include their e-mail addresses, which would be separated by semicolons.

See IEEE Editorial Style Manual for Authors for detailed examples of author affiliation types for two or more authors, changed affiliation, retired author, deceased author, and consultant.

Third paragraph

The third paragraph consists of an IEEE-provided notice if the article has supplementary materials and/or color figures in the online version.

Introduction

The introduction section includes a review of the existing literature to position your research within the broader scientific field and to show the novelty of your work.  The introduction should also describe the question you’re trying to answer with your research and why that question is important to the field.

Methodology

The methodology section is a straightforward description of what you did in your research and how you did it.  A detailed methodology section will make your article reproducible by other researchers, which helps others trust and build upon your work.

Ensure your mathematical equations and formulas display correctly in your published article by following either the IEEE Math Typesetting Guide for LaTeX Users or the IEEE Math Typesetting Guide for MS Word Users .

The results section describes the results you obtained in your research.  Include figures and tables as appropriate to illustrate your results. Figures can show data trends or other visual information. Tables are best to use when the exact values are important.

In the discussion section, describe what your results mean and how they are an important contribution to the research field.

The conclusion section can highlight potential broader implications of your work and areas that need further study.  Be careful not to inflate your findings.

The reference section is important because all scientific and technical research builds upon previous work. References help give proper credit and attribution to that preceding body of work.  References also support and validate your hypothesis.  Be sure to only cite references that directly support your work. Inflating citations by adding unnecessary references is considered a breach of publishing ethics.

Acknowledgments

The acknowledgments section is where you can recognize and thank those who have helped you publish this article. Here you can thank your funder, someone who supported you during the research project, or the anonymous reviewers who evaluated the article.  The Acknowledgements section is optional but quite common.

Refining the Use of English in Your Article

Communicate your work clearly. If you are not fully proficient in English, consider using an English language editing service before submitting your article. An expert editing service can help you refine the use of English in your article, so you can communicate your work more effectively.

The use of an editing service is paid for by the author. It does not guarantee acceptance in an IEEE publication.

IEEE authors are eligible for discounts at the following language editing services:

• American Journal Experts : 10% discount
• Enago : 30% discount ( review Enago’s services for authors in Chinese )

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IEEE General Format

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Contained in this page are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in IEEE style. The best way to format your paper may vary slightly depending on which field you’re working in and the specifics of where your paper is being submitted, so remember to double-check against any submission guidelines provided by the organization, instructor, or supervisor to whom you are submitting your paper.

• The paper title should be centered at the top of the first page, in 24-point type.
• Author’s name (or authors’ names)
• Author affiliation(s)
• City & country location(s)
• E-mail address(es).
• The body of the paper should be in 10-point type, and formatted to appear in two columns. The columns on the last page should be the same length; this may require adding a column break after you have finished the body of your paper.
• All papers must begin with an abstract and index terms.

Note to Practitioners

Nomenclature.

• Acknowledgements
• Papers may be divided into sections and subsections; IEEE has guidelines for primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary section headings.
• IEEE papers begin with a drop cap two lines deep, followed by the next 8-12 characters (or 1-2 words, whichever is appropriate) in all caps.
• Figures, tables, and equations should each be numbered consecutively, but separately. They should also be centered in the column in which they appear.

An IEEE abstract should be written as a single paragraph roughly 200 words long, give or take 50 words. (Abstracts shorter than 150 words or longer than 250 risk incurring the irritation of the editors.) It should be self-contained, and should concisely & accurately summarise the contents of your paper. It is encouraged to try and include three or four keywords or key phrases to help interested readers to find your article.

Abstracts should be simply formatted, without anything that requires specialized typesetting or consultation of material outside the abstract. Abbreviations, footnotes, references, tables, graphs, charts, figures, and displayed mathematical equations are specifically forbidden. The goal of an abstract is to be a simple, accessible, and self-contained microcosm of your paper.

Here is an example of how you might format an abstract:

The abstract should be followed by index terms. These should be in a paragraph separate from the abstract. Index terms are similar to keywords and are provided by the paper’s author to help journals, editors, and readers categorize, archive, or locate your paper. IEEE maintains a standardized list of index terms to make this process easier and its categories more consistent. The most recent version of the  IEEE Taxonomy  can be found on the IEEE website. Here is a link to the 2019 version of the taxonomy .

Index terms should be given in alphabetical order; the first should be capitalized, and the rest lowercase unless they contain acronyms or other components that inherently require capitalization.

Here is an example of how you might format a set of index terms:

Section Headings

Dividing one’s paper into clearly labelled sections increases readability, and is encouraged. Typical sections include Introduction and Conclusion sections as well as sections within the body of the paper that relate to aspects of its content.

Primary headings are enumerated with Roman numerals followed by a period, set in small caps, and centered above the text.

Secondary headings are enumerated with capital letters followed by a period,   set in italics and title case, left-aligned, unindented, and separated from the text by a line break.

Tertiary headings are enumerated by Arabic numerals followed by a close-parenthesis, set in italics and title case, left-aligned, indented one em, and separated from the text by a colon. There is no line break between the heading and the text. 

Quaternary headings are enumerated by lowercase letters followed by a close-parenthesis, set in italics and sentence case, left-aligned, indented two ems, and separated from the text by a colon. There is also no line break here.

Here is an example of what the various headings should look like in your document:

I. Primary Heading

                  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Fermentum leo vel orci porta non pulvinar neque laoreet suspendisse.

A. Secondary Heading

                  Odio ut enim blandit volutpat maecenas volutpat blandit aliquam. Amet consectetur adipiscing elit pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et.

         1) Tertiary Heading:  Libero justo laoreet sit amet cursus sit. Enim nec dui nunc mattis enim ut tellus elementum sagittis.

                  a) Quaternary heading:  Nibh ipsum consequat nisl vel pretium lectus. Malesuada proin libero nunc consequat interdum varius.

Special Headings

In addition to the standard headings above, there are a few special cases. References and Acknowledgments are formatted like primary headings, but are not enumerated.

Appendix headings should be arranged under a separate system, though formatted like primary headings; if there is only one appendix, it requires neither a number nor a name, but is simply labelled Appendix. If there are multiple appendices, they should be numbered and titled, though one should note that the numbering system for appendix headings is wholly separate from that of section headings; they start at one, regardless of how many sections were present within the paper. Appendices may be enumerated either with Roman numerals or with capital letters, according to the preference of the author, as long as it is done with consistency. Unlike section headings, the number will come after the word “Appendix”: Appendix A rather than A. Appendix. They should have titles, set on the line below them but still formatted like a section heading.

Here is an example of how you might format the beginning of an appendix:

Regarding the Vermiform Process

                  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. At augue eget arcu dictum varius.

If at any point you wish to refer back to a previous section within the text of your paper – e.g. “As mentioned in [section]…” – you should capitalize the word “Section” and separate subsections from the primary section numeral with a hyphen. E.g., “Section IV,” “Section II-A,” “Section III-B4c,” etc.

The Note to Practitioners, if you choose to include one, goes below your abstract. The aim of the Note is to, without repeating any of the information from your abstract, explain the practical applications of your work without use of jargon. This is so that engineers working on practical problems, who may not have significant background in your particular field, will be able to understand the application of your work to theirs.

A Note to Practitioners can be more than one paragraph, but is otherwise formatted like the abstract.

Here is an example of what a Note to Practitioners might look like:

                  Note to Practitioners – Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Enim sit amet venenatis urna cursus eget nunc scelerisque. Feugiat vivamus at augue eget arcu dictum. Lorem donec massa sapien faucibus et molestie. Pellentesque nec nam aliquam sem.

                  Vel quam elementum pulvinar etiam non quam lacus suspendisse. Velit scelerisque in dictum non consectetur a. Phasellus vestibulum lorem sed risus ultricies tristique nulla. Gravida neque convallis a cras semper auctor. At elementum eu facilisis sed odio morbi quis commodo.

                  Cursus eget nunc scelerisque viverra mauris in. Fames ac turpis egestas integer eget. Viverra mauris in aliquam sem fringilla ut morbi.

If your paper uses a number of different symbols, variables, and so forth, you may want to avoid having to define them within the body of your paper by providing a list of definitions up front; this is called the Nomenclature section. If you choose to include a Nomenclature section, it goes immediately before the Introduction section.

The heading for the Nomenclature section is formatted like a primary heading with no numeral, and the section itself is formatted generally the same as body text, including the italicization of variables. The main difference is the way in which the text must be aligned: the terms being defined are flush against the left margin, and the definitions are aligned one em-space after the longest defined term.

If you are working in a word processor, the easiest way to do this is often to insert a table into your document with invisible borders below the Nomenclature heading. See the images below for an example. Note that the images have been zoomed in to enlarge the text for clarity purposes.

Example of a nomenclature section

Example of a nomenclature section with the borders of the table used to format the section set to visible

Write Your Paper

IEEE offers guidance to help you write your paper , display equations correctly , improve your graphics , and meet the   IEEE   Xplore ® Digital Library requirements .  Tools and templates will help you as you get your research ready for publication.

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Because they facilitate reading and retaining information from articles, many peer-reviewed journals are adopting structured abstract s as their preferred format for abstracts—including the IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication. 

This article:

• Explains what structured abstracts are and how they benefit readers
• Provides a sample structured abstract
• Concludes with a template that authors of Transactions articles should follow when preparing their structured abstracts

About Structured Abstracts

Structured abstracts summarize the key findings reported in an article, as well as the means of reaching them.  Authors write structured abstracts so that readers do not have to read an article in its entirety to learn conclusions or how those conclusions were reached. Certain types of readers find structured abstracts particularly beneficial:

• Those who will not read an article in its entirety but need to know the key facts, such as executives, primary investigators on large scale projects, and people trying to keep abreast of the field.
• Those who have previously read the article in its entirety and need to recall key findings without having to re-read the article, such as researchers conducting a systematic review of the literature.
• Those who are trying to determine whether or not to read a particular article.

Structured abstracts are similar in format and style to Executive Summaries provided with in-depth engineering and recommendation reports.

Structured abstracts contrast with topic abstracts, which tend to be brief (100 to 150 words, about 100 words shorter than a typical structured abstract) and merely identify the themes addressed by an article, but do not report how the article addresses the themes much less the conclusions reached.

Samples and Guidelines

• For a research article or integrative literature review
• For a case study
• For a tutorial
• For a teaching case

Sample Structured Abstract—Research Article  and Integrative Literature Review

The following structured abstract summarizes Chen, I. & Chang, C. (2009). Cognitive load theory: an empirical study of anxiety and task performance in language learning. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology , 7 (2), 729-746.

Template for Writing a Structured Abstract—Research Article and Integrative Literature Review

Sample Structured Abstract—Case Study

The following structured abstract summarizes Raju, R. (2012). Intercultural communication training in IT outsourcing in India: A Case Study. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 55 (3).

Template for Writing a Structured Abstract—Case Study

Sample Structured Abstract—Tutorial

The following structured abstract summarizes

Tuleja, E.A.;   Beamer, L.;   Shum, C.;   & Chan, E.K.Y. (2011.) Designing and Developing Questionnaires for Translation—Tutorial. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 54 (4), 392-405.

Template for Writing a Structured Abstract—Tutorial

Sample Structured Abstract—Teaching Case

The following structured abstract summarizes Bednar, L. (2012). Using a Research in Technical and Scientific Communication Class to teach essential workplace skills. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Early Access .

Template for Writing a Structured Abstract—Teaching Case

Improved Lung Cancer Detection through Use of Large Language Systems with Graphical Attributes

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CHCI participation in IEEE VR 2024

April 8, 2024

Multiple CHCI faculty and students are participating in IEEE VR this spring with papers, workshops, contest entries, and doctoral consortium papers. CHCI faculty and students are listed in bold .

IEEE VR 2024

The IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (IEEE VR) is the premier international event for presenting research results in virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VR/AR/MR). Since 1993, IEEE VR has presented groundbreaking research and accomplishments by virtual reality pioneers: scientists, engineers, designers, and artists, paving the way for the future. Soon, IEEE VR expanded its scope also to include augmented, mixed, and other forms of mediated reality. Similarly, the IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), which started as a workshop at IEEE VR in 2004, has become the premier venue for 3D user interfaces and 3D interaction in virtual environments.

IEEE VR Conference Leadership:

• Alexander Giovannelli , Communications Co-Chair
• Cassidy Nelson and Lee Lisle (VT CS/CHCI alum), among others, XR Future Faculty Forum Chairs

Alexander Krasner and Joseph Gabbard

MusiKeys: Exploring Haptic-to-Auditory Sensory Substitution to Improve Mid-Air Text-Entry

Abstract - We investigated using auditory feedback in virtual reality mid-air typing to communicate the missing haptic feedback information typists typically receive when using a physical keyboard. We conducted a study with 24 participants, encompassing four mid-air virtual keyboards with increasing amounts of feedback information and a fifth physical keyboard as a reference. Results suggest clicking feedback on key-press and key-release improves performance compared to no auditory feedback, which is consistent with the literature. We find that audio can substitute information contained in haptic feedback in that users can accurately perceive presented information. However, this understanding did not translate to significant differences in performance.

Christos Lougiakis , Jorge Juan González, Giorgos Ganias, Akrivi Katifori, Ioannis-Panagiotis Ioannidis, Maria Roussou

Comparing Physics-based Hand Interaction in Virtual Reality: Custom Soft Body Simulation vs. Off-the-Shelf Integrated Solution

Abstract: Physics-based hand interaction in VR has been extensively explored, but almost none of the solutions are usable. The only exception is CLAP, a custom soft-body simulation offering realistic and smooth hand interaction in VR. Even CLAP, however, imposes constraints on virtual hand and object behavior. We introduce HPTK+, a software solution that utilizes the physics engine NVIDIA PhysX. Benefiting from the engine's maturity and integration with game engines, we aim to enable more general and free-hand interactions in virtual environments. We conducted a user study with 27 participants, comparing the interactions supported by both libraries. Results indicate an overall preference for CLAP but no significant differences in other measures or performance, except variance. These findings provide insights into the libraries' suitability for specific tasks. Additionally, we highlight HPTK+'s exclusive support for diverse interactions, positioning it as an ideal candidate for further research in physics-based VR interactions.

Workshop Organizers and Papers

Isaac Cho, Kangsoo Kim, Dongyun Han, Allison Bayro, Heejin Jeong, Hyungil Kim, Hayoun Moon , and Myounghoon (Philart) Jeon are the organizers of the 3rd International Workshop on eXtended Reality for Industrial and Occupational Supports (XRIOS). 

This workshop — eXtended Reality for Industrial and Occupational Supports (XRIOS) — aims to identify the current state of XR research and gaps in the scope of human factors and ergonomics, mainly related to industrial and occupational tasks. Further, the workshop aims to discuss potential future research directions and to build a community that bridges XR developers, human factors, and ergonomics researchers interested in industrial and occupational applications.

Leonardo Pavanatto and Doug Bowman helped organize the xrWORKS workshop. The 1st Workshop on Extended Reality for Knowledge Work (xrWORKS) aims to create a space where both academic and industry researchers can discuss their experiences and visions to continue growing the impact of XR in the future of work. Through a combination of position papers, in-person demonstrations, and a brainstorming session, we aim to fully understand the space and debate the future research agenda. "KnowledgeWork" follows the definition initially coined by Drucker (1966), which states that information workers apply theoretical and analytical knowledge to develop products and services. Much of the work might be detached from physical documents, artifacts, or specific work locations and is mediated through digital devices such as laptops. Workers include architects, engineers, scientists, design thinkers, public accountants, lawyers, and academics, whose job is to "think for a living."

Leonardo Pavanatto and Doug Bowman will present their paper "Virtual Displays for Knowledge Work: Extending or Replacing Physical Monitors for More Screen Space" at the xrWORKS workshop.

Samuel Williams and Denis Gracanin . An Approach to Pitch-Based Implementation of Non-verbal Vocal Interaction (NVVI) will be presented at the Workshop on Novel Input Devices and Interaction Techniques (NIDIT) . Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)

Abstract: Non-verbal vocal interaction (NVVI) allows people to use non-speech as an interaction technique. Many forms of NVVI exist, including humming, whistling, and tongue-clicking, but the quantity of existing research is limited and high in variety. This work attempts to bridge the field and provides a large-scale study exploring the usability of a pitch-based NVVI system using a relative pitch approach. The study tasked users with controlling an HTML slider using the NVVI technique by humming and whistling. Findings show that users perform better with humming than whistling. Notable phenomena occurring during interactions, including vocal scrolling and overshooting, are explored.

Brendan David John and Nikki Ramirez . "Deceptive Patterns and Perceptual Risks in an Eye-Tracked Virtual Reality" will be presented at the IDEATxR Workshop and will be published in the  Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).

Multiple VT CHCI faculty and students or alums helped organize this IDEATExR Workshop . IDEATExR is a workshop focused on inclusion, diversity, equity, accessibility, transparency, and ethics in XR. Organizers include Lee Lisle (VT CS/CHCI alum), Cassidy R. Nelson (ISE Ph.D. student), Nayara de Oliveira Faria (ISE Ph.D. student), Rafael N.C. Patrick (ISE faculty), and Missie Smith (VT ISE alum), among others. This is the first year that IEEE VR is hosting a rendition of the IDEATExR Workshop, which originated at the International Symposium on Augmented and Mixed Reality (ISMAR) conference.

Workshop abstract: IEEE VR and ISMAR are premier venues for mixed reality (XR) research that converges hundreds of researchers across disciplines and research spectrums that include both technical and human aspects of XR. However, at IEEE VR, only 15% of the first paper authors are women, and further, approximately 95% of the global population is excluded from VR research, resulting in poor generalizability. In addition, ethics informing XR research has been identified as one of the grand challenges facing human-computer interaction research today, with the replication crisis featuring transparency as a critical step for remediation. These factors make formal discussions surrounding inclusion, diversity, equity, accessibility, transparency, and ethics in XR timely and necessary. Participants in this workshop will have the opportunity to provide their insights on what is working for our community and what isn’t – effectively helping to shape the future of IEEE VR and ISMAR.

Contest Entries/Demos

3DUI Contest:

Logan Lane , Alexander Giovannelli , Ibrahim Asadullah Tahmid , Francielly Rodrigues, Cory Ilo , Darren Hsu, Shakiba Davari , Christos Lougiakis , Doug Bowman

The Alchemist: A Gesture-Based 3D User Interface for Engaging Arithmetic Calculations

Abstract: This paper presents our solution to the IEEE VR 2024 3DUI contest. We present The Alchemist, a VR experience tailored to aid children in practicing and mastering the four fundamental mathematical operators. In The Alchemist, players embark on a fantastical journey where they must prepare three potions to break a malevolent curse imprisoning the Gobbler kingdom. Our contributions include the development of a novel number input interface, Pinwheel, an extension of PizzaText [7], and four novel gestures, each corresponding to a distinct mathematical operator, designed to assist children in retaining practice with these operations. Preliminary tests indicate that Pinwheel and the four associated gestures facilitate the quick and efficient execution of mathematical operations.

Nayara Faria ; Brian Williams; Joseph Gabbard

I look, but I don't see it: Inattentional Blindness as an Evaluation Metric for Augmented-Reality.

Abstract: As vehicles increasingly incorporate augmented reality (AR) into head-up displays, assessing their safety in driving becomes vital. AR, blending real and synthetic scenes, can cause inattentional blindness (IB), where crucial information is missed despite users directly looking at them. Traditional HCI methods, centered on task time and accuracy, fail to evaluate AR's impact on human performance in safety-critical contexts. Our real-road user study with AR-enabled vehicles focuses on inattentional blindness as a critical metric for assessment. The results underline the importance of including IB in AR evaluations, extending to other safety-critical sectors like manufacturing and healthcare.

Doctoral Consortium

Nikitha Chandrashekar . Understanding the Impact of the Fidelity of Multimodal Interactions in XR-based Training Simulators on Cognitive Load. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).

Abstract: As eXtended Reality (XR) technologies evolve, integrating multimodal interfaces becomes a defining factor in immersive experiences. Existing literature highlights a lack of consensus regarding the impact of these interfaces in XR environments. Due to the Uncanny Valley Effect and its amplification in multimodal stimuli, it poses a potential challenge of increased cognitive load due to dissonance between user expectations and reality. My research pivots on the observation that current studies often overlook a crucial factor—the fidelity of stimuli presented to users. The main goal of my research is to answer the question of how multimodal interactions in XR-based applications impact the cognitive load experienced by the user. To address this gap, I employ a comprehensive human-computer interaction (HCI) research approach involving frameworks, theories, user studies, and guidelines. The goal is to systematically investigate the interplay of stimulus fidelity and cognitive load in XR, aiming to offer insights for the design of Audio-Visual-Haptic (AVH) interfaces.

Elham Mohammedrezaei . Reinforcement Learning for Context-aware and Adaptive Lighting Design using Extended Reality: Impacts on Human Emotions and Behaviors. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).

Abstract: In the interconnected world of smart built environments, Extended Reality (XR) emerges as a transformative technology that can enhance user experiences through personalized lighting systems. Integrating XR with deep reinforcement learning for adaptive lighting design (ALD) can optimize visual experiences while addressing real-time data analysis, XR system complexities, and integration challenges with building automation systems. The research centers on developing an XR-based ALD system that dynamically responds to user preferences, positively impacting human emotions, behaviors, and overall well-being.

Sunday Ubur . Enhancing Accessibility and Emotional Expression in Educational Extended Reality for Deaf and Hard of Hearing: A User-centric Investigation. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW).

Abstract: My research addresses accessibility challenges for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) population, specifically within Extended Reality (XR) applications for education. The study aims to enhance accessibility and emotional expression in XR environments, emphasizing improved communication. The objectives include identifying best practices and guidelines for designing accessible XR, exploring prescriptive and descriptive aspects of accessibility design, and integrating emotional aspects for DHH users. The three-phase research plan includes a literature review, the development of an accessible XR system, and user studies. Anticipated contributions involve enhanced support for DHH individuals in XR and a deeper understanding of human-computer interaction aspects.

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image processing —

Playboy image from 1972 gets ban from ieee computer journals, use of "lenna" image in computer image processing research stretches back to the 1970s..

Benj Edwards - Mar 29, 2024 9:16 pm UTC

On Wednesday, the IEEE Computer Society announced to members that, after April 1, it would no longer accept papers that include a frequently used image of a 1972 Playboy model named Lena Forsén. The so-called " Lenna image ," (Forsén added an extra "n" to her name in her Playboy appearance to aid pronunciation) has been used in image processing research since 1973 and has attracted criticism for making some women feel unwelcome in the field.

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In an email from the IEEE Computer Society sent to members on Wednesday, Technical & Conference Activities Vice President Terry Benzel wrote , "IEEE's diversity statement and supporting policies such as the IEEE Code of Ethics speak to IEEE's commitment to promoting an including and equitable culture that welcomes all. In alignment with this culture and with respect to the wishes of the subject of the image, Lena Forsén, IEEE will no longer accept submitted papers which include the 'Lena image.'"

An uncropped version of the 512×512-pixel test image originally appeared as the centerfold picture for the December 1972 issue of Playboy Magazine. Usage of the Lenna image in image processing began in June or July 1973 when an assistant professor named Alexander Sawchuck and a graduate student at the University of Southern California Signal and Image Processing Institute scanned a square portion of the centerfold image with a primitive drum scanner, omitting nudity present in the original image. They scanned it for a colleague's conference paper, and after that, others began to use the image as well.

The image's use spread in other papers throughout the 1970s, '80s, and '90s , and it caught Playboy's attention, but the company decided to overlook the copyright violations. In 1997, Playboy helped track down Forsén, who appeared at the 50th Annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Science in Technology, signing autographs for fans. "They must be so tired of me... looking at the same picture for all these years!" she said at the time. VP of new media at Playboy Eileen Kent told Wired , "We decided we should exploit this, because it is a phenomenon."

The image, which features Forsén's face and bare shoulder as she wears a hat with a purple feather, was reportedly ideal for testing image processing systems in the early years of digital image technology due to its high contrast and varied detail. It is also a sexually suggestive photo of an attractive woman, and its use by men in the computer field has garnered criticism over the decades, especially from female scientists and engineers who felt that the image (especially related to its association with the Playboy brand) objectified women and created an academic climate where they did not feel entirely welcome.

Due to some of this criticism, which dates back to at least 1996 , the journal Nature banned the use of the Lena image in paper submissions in 2018.

The comp.compression Usenet newsgroup FAQ document claims that in 1988, a Swedish publication asked Forsén if she minded her image being used in computer science, and she was reportedly pleasantly amused. In a 2019 Wired article , Linda Kinstler wrote that Forsén did not harbor resentment about the image, but she regretted that she wasn't paid better for it originally. "I’m really proud of that picture," she told Kinstler at the time.

Since then, Forsén has apparently changed her mind. In 2019, Creatable and Code Like a Girl created an advertising documentary titled Losing Lena , which was part of a promotional campaign aimed at removing the Lena image from use in tech and the image processing field. In a press release for the campaign and film, Forsén is quoted as saying, "I retired from modelling a long time ago. It’s time I retired from tech, too. We can make a simple change today that creates a lasting change for tomorrow. Let’s commit to losing me."

It seems like that commitment is now being granted. The ban in IEEE publications, which have been historically important journals for computer imaging development, will likely further set a precedent toward removing the Lenna image from common use. In the email, IEEE's Benzel recommended wider sensitivity about the issue, writing, "In order to raise awareness of and increase author compliance with this new policy, program committee members and reviewers should look for inclusion of this image, and if present, should ask authors to replace the Lena image with an alternative."

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