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Lesson Plan: Choice Board - Researching Your Members in the US House of Representatives

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All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Representative King discussed Article I, Section I of the U.S. Constitution.

Description

The U.S. Constitution established the two bodies that comprise the U.S. Congress: The House of Representatives and the Senate. With candidates competing for seats in each chamber every election cycle, this lesson provides students with the opportunity to explore their members in the House of Representatives and how they represent their constituents as a fundamental part of civic literacy.

This lesson offers several options for you to use with your students whether you are teaching in class, using a hybrid model, or engaging through distance learning. It can be completed in steps as a class or students can move at their own pace and complete the activities independently.

You can post links to the videos in the lesson along with the related handouts and engage in discussion to share responses on a discussion board or learning management system.

You can also save and share the following Google resources that provide choices for students to research their members of Congress.

U.S. Representative's Résumé (Google Docs)

Researching Members in the U.S. House of Representatives (Google Docs)

Choice Board: Researching Members of Congress (Google Slides)

In Google, choose "File" then "Make a Copy" to get your own copy. You can make any needed adjustments in the instructions such as which activities students need to complete, when it is due, etc. and then make it available to them via Google.

Select vocabulary terms from the list that you will need to review with your students. Have students look up the definitions and discuss the meanings as a class.

Ask students share their thoughts in class discussion either in person or through a chat feature on the following questions:

What two chambers comprise the legislative body?

How many years are in a term for a member in the House of Representative?

Why does the U.S. House of Representatives have more members than the U.S. Senate?

What is the role of the legislative body?

Explain that through these activities, they will be discovering who their members of Congress are and how they serve their constituents.

INTRODUCTION:

Have students view the video clips below and the answer the questions that follow.

VIDEO CLIPS 1 &2: Congressional Powers and the Constitution

Explain the founders' intent on establishing a Congress as Rep. King discusses.

Where in the Constitution does it provide for a Congress?

Explain Rep. Barr's statements on the powers of the legislative branch.

EXPLORATION:

Student should view the following video clips and respond to the accompanying questions.

VIDEO CLIPS 3 & 4: Characteristics of the House of Representatives

How many years are in a representative’s term?

According to Rep. Hoyer, which virtues comprise a republic?

How do these virtues impact our country and its leaders?

How does Rep. Emmer describe the role of a member in the House of Representatives?

Who Is Your Member in the U.S. House of Representatives?

Have students find the name of their member in the House of Representatives through this link: Find Your U.S. Representative

Then, to learn about their state’s member(s) in the House of Representatives, students can click here: C-SPAN's Congressional Chronicle - House of Representatives

From the drop-down arrow, they can select their state to view their state’s representative(s) and respond to the following questions:

How many total members are in your state?

Provide the number for each political party that is represented.

Consider the political party representation in your state, how could that impact policy decisions that are made in your community?

Next, students choose the person who represents their district from the list and click on the name. Then click the “Official Bio” link under the photo and provide the information below:

Title (if indicated)

Years in Congress

Work Experience: Company, Dates of Employment, Job, Title (if indicated)

Education: School, Year Graduated, Degree

Any additional Information about the person

Evaluate Twitter Feed:

Students can click on the Twitter link beneath the person's photo if it is available, then provide the following information:

Number of People Following

Number of Followers

Have them evaluate tweets in this person’s feed. Some ideas to consider are: what is this person doing in the state or DC, which issues are being discussed, what position does this person take, explain why they agree/disagree with the content, how would they respond

On Which Committees Does Your Representative Serve?

On your representative’s page, scroll down to the “Committees” section. Respond to the questions below:

Students choose one committee to explore. Click here: House of Representatives Committees to learn about that committee, then go to the “About” page and read about it.

What is the purpose of this committee?

Explain how these committees relate to the representative’s experience or background.

On their representative’s page, students scroll down to the “Votes” section and provide the following information:

Voting Record

Recorded Votes

Missed Votes

Votes Against the Majority

Party Line Votes

Featured Votes

Based on the data, students should explain their representative's voting record as it relates to their political party.

Floor Appearances and Bills:

On their representative’s page, students scroll down to the related sections below and provide the following information.

Days on the Floor

One-Minute Speeches

Total Time Speaking

Bills Sponsored

Bills Passed

Bills Failed

Co-Sponsored Bills

Students should click on several of the blue text links in the “Bills” section on the page to view the bills their representative has supported and explain some of the issues that are reflected in the bills.

EVALUATION:

Students should review the data they have collected and respond to the following question:

Is there a relationship among the various committees on which the individual serves, the voting record, bills and person’s experience and background? Explain your reasoning.

Have students compare their research on different members with their classmates.

It’s Election Day! Would you vote for your representative? Explain your position based on your research. When you have completed all elements in this lesson, save your work and submit it to your teacher.

Additional Resource

  • Lesson Plan: Choice Board - Researching Your U.S. Senators
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U.S. House of Representatives

It can be challenging to keep up with what’s going on in Washington -- especially with the long, confusing and seemingly complicated legislative processes. But once you understand the process you can have a voice. This brief is designed to explain the legislative branch of our government, specifically the inner workings of the House of Representatives, and how you can participate in and even influence the legislative process.

Table of Contents

Introduction, what is the legislative branch, what does the house of representatives do, additional resources, ways to get involved/what you can do.

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View the Executive Summary for this brief.

branches

The United States spent eight long years of desperate fighting for independence from 1775 to 1783. By 1789, the Founding Fathers had set about constructing a government “built on the cardinal conviction of revolutionary-era republicanism: that no central authority empowered to coerce or discipline the citizenry was permissible , since it merely duplicated the monarchical and aristocratic principles that the American Revolution had been fought to escape. The United States is now the oldest enduring republic in world history, with a set of political institutions and traditions that have stood the test of time.”

According to House.gov , “To ensure a separation of powers, the U.S. Federal Government is made up of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. To ensure the government is effective and citizens’ rights are protected, each branch has its own powers and responsibilities, including working with the other branches.” This is often referred to as “ checks and balances ,” and prevents any one part of government from wielding too much political power.

Why it Matters

the house of representatives assignment quizlet

The House of Representatives most directly reflects the desires of the American public due to the ratio of American citizens to U.S. Representatives and the constant election cycle every two years. Much of the deadlock of the U.S. government that we witness today reflects a divided American people.

This brief focuses on the Legislative branch of the U.S. government, in particular the House of Representatives, including the nuts and bolts of how its inner workings, and how everyday citizens can influence the legislative process. For a brief on the U.S. Senate, click here .

The legislative branch is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate , known collectively as the Congress. Among other powers, the legislative branch “makes all laws, declares war, regulates interstate and foreign commerce and controls taxing and spending policies.”

CrashCourse U.S. Government and Politics, produced in collaboration with PBS, explains the Bicameral Congress (9 min):

Of all federal government institutions, the House of Representatives is designed to be closest to American voters, most closely reflecting the individual cares and concerns of American taxpayers. In fact, the House is the only institution that has been directly elected by American voters since its formation in 1789.

the house of representatives assignment quizlet

“If proportional representation takes place, the small States contend that their liberties will be in danger. If an equality of votes is to be put in its place, the large States say their money will be in danger,” explained Benjamin Franklin . What eventually “emerged from weeks of stalemate was called the ‘Great Compromise’ and created a bicameral legislature with a House, where membership was determined by state population, and a Senate, where each state had two seats regardless of population.”

Size and Structure of the House

There are 435 representatives in the House , and have been since the number was fixed by law in 1911. Each House representative is elected to a two-year term serving the people of a specific congressional district in a state. “Each state receives representation in the House in proportion to the size of its population but is entitled to at least one representative.” This means that states with large populations have more representatives than small states have. Representation based on population was “one of the most important components of the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787,” as one of the founders’ greatest concerns was designing a system of government that would better represent the public than did the British model from which they had won independence.

In addition to the 435 representatives from the states, there is a Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico and Delegates from Washington D.C., American Samoa, Guam, The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands. The Resident Commissioner and Delegates are able to serve and vote on committees, but do not have the same full voting rights as the 435 state representatives.

The Role of the Census

Specifically, seats in the House “ are apportioned based on state population according to the constitutionally mandated Census.”  The Census, which occurs every ten years and is overseen by the Bureau of the Census, part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Tying representation to Census data allows the number of each state’s representatives to increase or decrease along with fluctuations in state population. The Census data is then used to determine congressional districts, areas in the state from which representatives are elected to the House. This process is called redistricting. For more on redistricting and the Census, see The Policy Circle’s Decennial Census Brief .

Members of the House of Representatives “ must stand for election every two years , after which it convenes for a new session and essentially reconstitutes itself – electing a Speaker, swearing-in the Members-elect, and approving a slate of officers to administer the institution.” Biennial elections are held in November, and the Congress commences in the following January. To be elected, a representative must be at least 25 years old, a United States citizen for at least seven years, and a resident of the state he or she represents. U.S. House candidates are not required to live in the congressional district they represent.

The Life of a Representative

According to Congressional Management Foundation’s Life in Congress study , when representatives are in Washington, D.C., they report spending their time as follows:

  • 35% on “Legislative/Policy Work”
  • 17% on “Constituent Services Work”
  • 17% on “Political/Campaign Work”
  • 9% on “Press/Media Relations”
  • 9% on “Family/Friends”
  • 7% on “Administrative/Managerial Work”
  • 6% on “Personal Time”

When in their home district, they reported spending time as follows:

  • 32% on “Constituent Services Work”
  • 18%  on “Political/Campaign Work”
  • 14% on “Press/Media Relations”
  • 12%  on “Legislative/Policy Work”
  • 9% with “Family/Friends”
  • 8% on “Personal Time”

Compensation

Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution requires Congress to determine its own pay. Congress’s “ current automatic adjustment formula , which is based on changes in private sector wages,” was established by the Ethics Reform Act of 1989. The last pay adjustment was in January 2009. Since, most representatives earn $174,000 annually, while the majority and minority leaders make $193,400. The Speaker earns the largest salary at $223,500. Additionally, representatives “are subject to some specific laws and regulations regarding the acceptance of gifts ,” particularly gifts from registered lobbyists or from private entities that retain or employ a lobbyist.

Responsibilities of the House

Per the Constitution , the House and Senate together make and pass federal laws, introduce bills and resolutions, offer amendments, and serve on committees that enable members to develop specialized knowledge on the matters under that committee’s jurisdiction. Though both make up Congress, there are a few distinctions between the two. In particular, the Constitution “provides that only the House of Representatives may originate revenue bills, ” and by tradition it also originates appropriation bills.

Additionally, while the Constitution does not specifically mention investigations and oversight , “the authority to conduct investigations is implied since Congress possesses ‘all legislative powers’.” The House initiates impeachment proceedings and passes articles of impeachment (the Senate sits as a court to try the impeachment).

Finally, during a presidential election, the House of Representatives steps in if no candidate receives a majority of the total electoral votes. Each state delegation has one vote to choose the President from among the top three candidates with the largest number of electoral votes.

Leadership in the House

After each election, the political party that wins the most representatives is designated the “ Majority .” The other party is the “ Minority. ” The majority party holds key leadership positions, such as Speaker of the House. The same party can have the majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, or the chambers can be split. Third parties rarely have enough members to elect their own leadership, so independents generally join one of the larger party organizations to receive committee assignments.

The House is run by majority rule.  When a majority of members vote to do something in the House, it gets done. Majority rule makes passing legislation relatively efficient, and that means that the party in the minority has less power to set the agenda or pass its proposals. This contrasts with the Senate, where a single senator – in the majority or the minority – can generally force a vote or stop a bill in its tracks.

House Leadership includes the Speaker of the House, Majority and Minority Leaders, and Majority and Minority Whips.

The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the House, and is elected by the members of the House. The Speaker administers the Oath of Office to House members, chairs certain committees or nominates committee chairs (namely the chairs of the House Administration Committee and the Rules Committee ), and appoints members of various committees and House staff. After the Vice President, the Speaker is second in line to succeed the Vice President.

Majority and Minority Leaders represent their respective parties on the House floor. Each is elected by his or her respective party. The majority leader is second to the Speaker and schedules legislative business, planning legislative agendas rather than serving on committees. The minority leader serves as the minority party’s spokesperson, essentially the minority party’s counterpart to the Speaker. He or she also chairs the minority party’s committee assignment panel.

Majority and Minority Whips serve as middlemen to between their party leaders and members. They “maintain communication between the leadership of the party and its members, marshal support for party positions on the floor, count votes on key legislation, and persuade wavering Members to vote for the party position.”

The Speaker of the House is elected by the entire House of Representatives, while the Republican Conference and Democratic Caucus elect the other leadership positions. The Republican Conference is the formal organization of Republican Members in the House, and the Democratic Caucus is that of the Democratic Members.

See current House Leadership positions here .

The Role of Committees

Committees “ are permanent panels governed by House chamber rules, with responsibility to consider bills and issues and to have general oversight relating to their areas of jurisdiction.” Committees have different legislative jurisdictions, but each considers, shapes, and passes laws related to its jurisdiction, and monitors agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdiction. Each committee has a chair that leads the full committee, and a ranking member who leads the minority members of the committee. Committee assignment directly affects a representative’s work in Congress. After a Congressional election, political parties assign newly elected representatives to standing committees

Crash Course U.S. Government & Politics explains what Congressional committees do (8 min):

Some of the most well-known committees include:

  • The House Committee on Ways and Means , which oversees all taxation, tariffs, and other revenue-raising measures.
  • The House Committee on Appropriations , which has jurisdiction over setting specific government expenditures.
  • The House Committee on Foreign Affairs , which has jurisdiction over foreign assistance and oversees national security developments affecting foreign policy.
  • The House Committee on the Judiciary , which oversees the judiciary and civil and criminal proceedings.

Most committees are regular standing committees, which continue from one Congress to the next. There are also select committees, special committees formed for a short period of time for a specific purpose such as an investigation, and there are several joint committees with the Senate. See a full list of all House Committees here .

Legislation in the House

Legislation begins with an idea . It may come from a Congressman, a staffer, a constituent, or a thought leader or expert on a given subject. You may remember the School House Rock video , which walks through the legislative process in an accessible way and is great to share with your kids (3 min):

Drafting Legislation

Working with House parliamentarians —  lawyers and clerks who provide nonpartisan guidance on rules and procedures — and other Congressional staff on Capitol Hill, the Congressional representative’s staff drafts the bill. The parliamentarians have specific expertise; they work closely with staff in a non-partisan manner to draft the specific language of the bill. Staff works to build sponsors and cosponsors before the bill is introduced.

Introducing a Bill

Any Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner can introduce a bill when the house is in session by “ placing it in the ‘hopper, ’” a box on the House Clerk’s desk in the Capitol building. The Member who introduces the bill is known as the primary sponsor. The bill is then formally assigned a number by the Clerk. A bill originating in the House will start with “H.R.” (for the House of Representatives, as opposed to “S.” for the Senate). The Speaker’s office then assigns that bill to its committee(s) of jurisdiction, which then assigns the bill to a subcommittee(s).

Committee Process

The Subcommittee seeks input from relevant departments and agencies and holds public hearings. After hearings, there is a markup on the legislation , in which “views of both sides are studied in detail and at the conclusion of deliberation a vote is taken to determine” whether or not the subcommittee recommends the bill to the full committee. In the full committee, the subcommittee reports on the bill; this meeting provides an opportunity for Members to amend the legislation. There is also the possibility that the committee tables the bill or fails to take action , which prevents the bill from reaching the full House. You can watch House Committee hearing videos here .

To get to the full House, the committee staff writes a report describing the purpose of the bill, why the bill is recommended, and an analysis of each part of the bill and how the bill may affect existing law. A full committee mark-up and the decision of what legislation makes it to the House floor is tightly controlled by the Committee Chairman’s office and leadership. When the legislation is reported favorably out of the full committee it awaits a decision by leadership to schedule time for it to be debated on the House floor. This decision is a negotiation based on priorities of the committee and of leadership.

After a committee has reported a bill, the bill is placed on the calendar . This means the bill is eligible for floor consideration, but not that it will necessarily make it to the floor. In the House, it is up to the majority party leadership to decide which bills the House will consider on the floor, and in what order.

Committee on Rules

Once leadership has decided that a specific piece of legislation will receive floor time, the House Majority Leader alerts the committee of jurisdiction that the bill will be considered on the House Floor, and this kicks off the Rules Committee process.

The Committee on Rules , or Rules Committee, is one of the oldest standing committees in the House. The Committee is commonly known as “The Speaker’s Committee” – prior to 1910, the Speaker chaired the Rules Committee, and today it is the mechanism by which the Speaker maintains control of the House Floor. The Rules Committee is sometimes also referred to as “ the traffic cop of the House ,” as it determines how much time will be allowed for debate on each piece of legislation considered on the House floor, and if any (and which) amendments will be allowed to be considered during the debate. 

Most bills are considered under a procedure known as suspension of the rules , “which limits debate to 40 minutes and does not allow amendments to be offered by members on the floor.” Otherwise, the bill is considered under terms tailored for the particular bill. In this case, the House adopts a resolution called a special rule from the Rules Committee. After the Rules Committee reports the rule for considering the bill and the House votes to adopt the rule, the House can then proceed to the floor debate.

Floor Debate

Once the rule has been adopted, the House usually considers the bill “in a procedural setting called the Committee of the Whole , which is essentially “the House assembled in a different form; it is a committee of the House composed of every Representative that meets in the House chamber.” This procedure “allows members an efficient way to consider and vote on amendments.” 

After the floor debate on amendments and the underlying legislation, the Committee of the Whole reports to the full House, which then votes on the bill. The bill passes the House by a simple majority , 218 votes of the 435 total. It then goes to the Senate and waits to be scheduled for floor time.

See The Policy Circle’s Senate Brief to see how the process continues.

Glossary of terms

Different types of legislation

Alternative legislative procedures in the House

Measure & Identify : Who are the influencers in your state, county, or community? Learn about their priorities and consider how to contact them

  • Do you know who your Congressional Representative is ? What about your state elected officials ?
  • Track your representatives’ votes with GovTrack .

Reach out: You are a catalyst. Finding a common cause is a great opportunity to develop relationships with people who may be outside of your immediate network. All it takes is a small team of two or three people to set a path for real improvement. The Policy Circle is your platform to convene with experts you want to hear from.

  • Find allies in your community or in nearby towns and elsewhere in the state.
  • Foster collaborative relationships with colleagues, neighbors, friends, and local organizations to mobilize an effort to bring attention to your issue to your local Congressional office. Also reach out to community leaders to educate them and request their engagement on the issue.

Plan: Set some milestones based on your state’s legislative calendar .

  • You can find the legislative calendar for the House of Representatives here .
  • Don’t hesitate to contact The Policy Circle team, [email protected] , for connections to the broader network, advice, insights on how to build rapport with policy makers and establish yourself as a civic leader.

Execute: Give it your best shot. You can:

  • Research : Make sure you know the facts about the issue you are raising. Government agencies, think tanks, and media outlets can all be good resources. Remember to research all sides of the issue to make sure you understand various angles. You can also talk with people who are affected by the issue with which you are concerned; anecdotal information combined with measured data can be powerful.
  • Write : Although we may be more inclined to email in the digital age, writing an old-fashioned letter to your local elected representatives or to members of Congress is still one of the most effective ways to influence lawmakers.
  • See these tips for step-by-step instructions to write letters to elected officials, including how to address your representative, reference specific legislation, and properly send your correspondence.
  • Organize: Organize people to call in, follow-up on written material, and reach out to other community members to educate them on the issue. Demonstrating wide support can be very effective in influencing a legislator to support your position.

Working with others, you may create something great for your community. Here are some tools to learn how to contact your representatives and write an op-ed .

Suggestions for your Next Conversation

Explore the series.

This brief is part of a series of recommended conversations designed for circle's wishing to pursue a specific focus for the year. Each series recommends "5" briefs to provide a year of conversations.

The Active Citizenship Series

The House’s committees consider bills and issues and oversee agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions.

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View Committees No Longer Standing from the 117th Congress

Congresswoman Lori Trahan

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How A Bill Becomes A Law

Creating laws is the  U.S. House of Representatives ’ most important job. All laws in the United States begin as bills. Before a bill can become a law, it must be approved by the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and the President. Let’s follow a bill’s journey to become law.

The Bill Begins

Laws begin as ideas. These ideas may come from a  Representative —or from a citizen like you. Citizens who have ideas for laws can contact their Representatives to discuss their ideas. If the Representatives agree, they research the ideas and write them into bills.

The Bill Is Proposed

When a Representative has written a bill, the bill needs a sponsor. The Representative talks with other Representatives about the bill in hopes of getting their support for it. Once a bill has a sponsor and the support of some of the Representatives, it is ready to be introduced.

The Bill Is Introduced

In the U.S. House of Representatives, a bill is introduced when it is placed in the hopper—a special box on the side of the clerk’s desk. Only Representatives can introduce bills in the U.S. House of Representatives.

When a bill is introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, a bill clerk assigns it a number that begins with H.R. A reading clerk then reads the bill to all the Representatives, and the Speaker of the House sends the bill to one of the House standing committees.

The Bill Goes to Committee

When the bill reaches  committee , the committee members—groups of Representatives who are experts on topics such as agriculture, education, or international relations—review, research, and revise the bill before voting on whether or not to send the bill back to the  House floor .

If the committee members would like more information before deciding if the bill should be sent to the House floor, the bill is sent to a subcommittee. While in subcommittee, the bill is closely examined and expert opinions are gathered before it is sent back to the committee for approval.

The Bill Is Reported

When the committee has approved a bill, it is sent—or reported—to the House floor. Once reported, a bill is ready to be debated by the U.S. House of Representatives.

The Bill Is Debated

When a bill is debated, Representatives discuss the bill and explain why they agree or disagree with it. Then, a reading clerk reads the bill section by section and the Representatives recommend changes. When all changes have been made, the bill is ready to be voted on.

The Bill Is Voted On

There are three methods for voting on a bill in the U.S. House of Representatives:

  • Viva Voce (voice vote): The Speaker of the House asks the Representatives who support the bill to say “aye” and those that oppose it say “no.”
  • Division: The Speaker of the House asks those Representatives who support the bill to stand up and be counted, and then those who oppose the bill to stand up and be counted.
  • Recorded: Representatives record their vote using the electronic voting system. Representatives can vote yes, no, or present (if they don’t want to vote on the bill).

If a majority of the Representatives say or select yes, the bill passes in the U.S. House of Representatives. The bill is then certified by the Clerk of the House and delivered to the U.S. Senate.

The Bill Is Referred to the Senate

When a bill reaches the U.S. Senate, it goes through many of the same steps it went through in the U.S. House of Representatives. The bill is discussed in a Senate committee and then reported to the Senate floor to be voted on. 

Senators vote by voice. Those who support the bill say “yea,” and those who oppose it say “nay.” If a majority of the Senators say “yea,” the bill passes in the U.S. Senate and is ready to go to the President.

The Bill Is Sent to the President

When a bill reaches the President, he has three choices. He can:

  • Sign and pass the bill—the bill becomes a law.
  • Refuse to sign, or veto, the bill—the bill is sent back to the U.S. House of Representatives, along with the President’s reasons for the veto. If the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate still believe the bill should become a law, they can hold another vote on the bill. If two-thirds of the Representatives and Senators support the bill, the President’s veto is overridden and the bill becomes a law.
  • Do nothing (pocket veto)—if Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law after 10 days. If Congress is not in session, the bill does not become a law.

The Bill Is a Law

If a bill has passed in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and has been approved by the President, or if a presidential veto has been overridden, the bill becomes a law and is enforced by the government. To learn more, watch this informational video: 

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Why were so many metro stations in Moscow renamed?

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

The Moscow metro system has 275 stations, and 28 of them have been renamed at some point or other—and several times in some cases. Most of these are the oldest stations, which opened in 1935.

The politics of place names

The first station to change its name was Ulitsa Kominterna (Comintern Street). The Comintern was an international communist organization that ceased to exist in 1943, and after the war Moscow authorities decided to call the street named after it something else. In 1946, the station was renamed Kalininskaya. Then for several days in 1990, the station was called Vozdvizhenka, before eventually settling on Aleksandrovsky Sad, which is what it is called today.

The banner on the entraince reads:

The banner on the entraince reads: "Kalininskaya station." Now it's Alexandrovsky Sad.

Until 1957, Kropotkinskaya station was called Dvorets Sovetov ( Palace of Soviets ). There were plans to build a monumental Stalinist high-rise on the site of the nearby Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which had been demolished. However, the project never got off the ground, and after Stalin's death the station was named after Kropotkinskaya Street, which passes above it.

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance:

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance: "Metro after Kaganovich."

Of course, politics was the main reason for changing station names. Initially, the Moscow Metro itself was named after Lazar Kaganovich, Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man. Kaganovich supervised the construction of the first metro line and was in charge of drawing up a master plan for reconstructing Moscow as the "capital of the proletariat."

In 1955, under Nikita Khrushchev's rule and during the denunciation of Stalin's personality cult, the Moscow Metro was named in honor of Vladimir Lenin.

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance:

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance: "Metropolitan after Lenin."

New Metro stations that have been opened since the collapse of the Soviet Union simply say "Moscow Metro," although the metro's affiliation with Vladimir Lenin has never officially been dropped.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Stations that bore the names of Stalin's associates were also renamed under Khrushchev. Additionally, some stations were named after a neighborhood or street and if these underwent name changes, the stations themselves had to be renamed as well.

Until 1961 the Moscow Metro had a Stalinskaya station that was adorned by a five-meter statue of the supreme leader. It is now called Semyonovskaya station.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

The biggest wholesale renaming of stations took place in 1990, when Moscow’s government decided to get rid of Soviet names. Overnight, 11 metro stations named after revolutionaries were given new names. Shcherbakovskaya became Alekseyevskaya, Gorkovskaya became Tverskaya, Ploshchad Nogina became Kitay-Gorod and Kirovskaya turned into Chistye Prudy. This seriously confused passengers, to put it mildly, and some older Muscovites still call Lubyanka station Dzerzhinskaya for old times' sake.

At the same time, certain stations have held onto their Soviet names. Marksistskaya and Kropotkinskaya, for instance, although there were plans to rename them too at one point.

"I still sometimes mix up Teatralnaya and Tverskaya stations,” one Moscow resident recalls .

 “Both have been renamed and both start with a ‘T.’ Vykhino still grates on the ear and, when in 1991 on the last day of my final year at school, we went to Kitay-Gorod to go on the river cruise boats, my classmates couldn’t believe that a station with that name existed."

The city government submitted a station name change for public discussion for the first time in 2015. The station in question was Voykovskaya, whose name derives from the revolutionary figure Pyotr Voykov. In the end, city residents voted against the name change, evidently not out of any affection for Voykov personally, but mainly because that was the name they were used to.

What stations changed their name most frequently?

Some stations have changed names three times. Apart from the above-mentioned Aleksandrovsky Sad (Ulitsa Kominterna->Kalininskaya->Vozdvizhenka->Aleksandrovsky Sad), a similar fate befell Partizanskaya station in the east of Moscow. Opened in 1944, it initially bore the ridiculously long name Izmaylovsky PKiO im. Stalina (Izmaylovsky Park of Culture and Rest Named After Stalin). In 1947, the station was renamed and simplified for convenience to Izmaylovskaya. Then in 1963 it was renamed yet again—this time to Izmaylovsky Park, having "donated" its previous name to the next station on the line. And in 2005 it was rechristened Partizanskaya to mark the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II. 

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Another interesting story involves Alekseyevskaya metro station. This name was originally proposed for the station, which opened in 1958, since a village with this name had been located here. It was then decided to call the station Shcherbakovskaya in honor of Aleksandr Shcherbakov, a politician who had been an associate of Stalin. Nikita Khrushchev had strained relations with Shcherbakov, however, and when he got word of it literally a few days before the station opening the builders had to hastily change all the signs. It ended up with the concise and politically correct name of Mir (Peace).

The name Shcherbakovskaya was restored in 1966 after Khrushchev's fall from power. It then became Alekseyevskaya in 1990.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

But the station that holds the record for the most name changes is Okhotny Ryad, which opened in 1935 on the site of a cluster of market shops. When the metro system was renamed in honor of Lenin in 1955, this station was renamed after Kaganovich by way of compensation. The name lasted just two years though because in 1957 Kaganovich fell out of favor with Khrushchev, and the previous name was returned. But in 1961 it was rechristened yet again, this time in honor of Prospekt Marksa, which had just been built nearby.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

In 1990, two historical street names—Teatralny Proyezd and Mokhovaya Street—were revived to replace Prospekt Marksa, and the station once again became Okhotny Ryad.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

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Moscow Metro

The Moscow Metro Tour is included in most guided tours’ itineraries. Opened in 1935, under Stalin’s regime, the metro was not only meant to solve transport problems, but also was hailed as “a people’s palace”. Every station you will see during your Moscow metro tour looks like a palace room. There are bright paintings, mosaics, stained glass, bronze statues… Our Moscow metro tour includes the most impressive stations best architects and designers worked at - Ploshchad Revolutsii, Mayakovskaya, Komsomolskaya, Kievskaya, Novoslobodskaya and some others.

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The guide will not only help you navigate the metro, but will also provide you with fascinating background tales for the images you see and a history of each station.

And there some stories to be told during the Moscow metro tour! The deepest station - Park Pobedy - is 84 metres under the ground with the world longest escalator of 140 meters. Parts of the so-called Metro-2, a secret strategic system of underground tunnels, was used for its construction.

During the Second World War the metro itself became a strategic asset: it was turned into the city's biggest bomb-shelter and one of the stations even became a library. 217 children were born here in 1941-1942! The metro is the most effective means of transport in the capital.

There are almost 200 stations 196 at the moment and trains run every 90 seconds! The guide of your Moscow metro tour can explain to you how to buy tickets and find your way if you plan to get around by yourself.

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Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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  1. The House of Representatives Instruction / Assignment

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  2. The House of Representatives Flashcards

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    Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The state that gained four seats in the House between 2000 and 2010 is _____., The loss of seats experienced by New York and Ohio is most likely due to _____., Speaker of the House and more. ... The House of Representatives Instruction / Assignment. 9 terms. Katie_Luna8. Preview ...

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    The highest leader in the House of Representative is called the _____ . conference chairman majority whip Speaker of the House caucus chairman Click the card to flip 👆 Speaker of the House Click the card to flip 👆 1 / 18 Flashcards Learn Test Match Q-Chat bmac_2020 Top creator on Quizlet Students also viewed GOD'S MORAL ATTRIBUTES Teacher 18 terms

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    Who decides which committee assignments members of House of Representatives receive? a. the Speaker of the House b. each party's own Committee on Committees c. the president selects for members of his own party, and either the House majority or minority leader selects for opposition members d. each party's National Committee e. each party's whip

  8. Structures, powers, and functions of Congress: lesson overview

    Definition. A Senate procedure through which a supermajority of 60 senators can vote to limit the amount of time spent debating a bill and cut off a filibuster. A committee of the House on which all representatives serve in order to consider the details of a proposal. A petition signed by members of the House of Representatives to bring a bill ...

  9. The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview

    The upper chamber of Congress, in which each state has two representatives regardless of population size, with 100 senators total. Senators serve six-year terms, with one-third of them running for reelection every two years. enumerated powers. Powers of the federal government explicitly named in the Constitution. implied powers.

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    With candidates competing for seats in each chamber every election cycle, this lesson provides students with the opportunity to explore their members in the House of Representatives and how...

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    United States House of Representatives, 118th Congress 1. Party totals: Republicans (R) 221; Democrats (D) 213. state. district and representative (party) service began. 1 When total does not equal 435, it is because of vacancies. 2 George Santos was expelled from the House in December 2023.

  12. Procedures of the United States House of Representatives

    There are three types of House Committees, these are: 1) standing committees elected by members of the House, 2) select committees appointed by the Speaker of the House, and. 3) joint committees whose members are chosen according to the statute or resolution that created that committee.

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    A congressional committee is a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty (rather than the general duties of Congress). Committee membership enables members to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under their jurisdiction. As "little legislatures", the committees monitor ongoing governmental ...

  14. The House Explained

    The number of representatives with full voting rights is 435, a number set by Public Law 62-5 on August 8, 1911, and in effect since 1913. The number of representatives per state is proportionate to population. Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution provides for both the minimum and maximum sizes for the House of Representatives. Currently ...

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    This brief focuses on the Legislative branch of the U.S. government, in particular the House of Representatives, including the nuts and bolts of how its inner workings, and how everyday citizens can influence the legislative process. For a brief on the U.S. Senate, click here. What is the Legislative Branch?

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  17. United States congressional apportionment

    United States congressional apportionment is the process [1] by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution.

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    Rules Governing House Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures Members of the House are assigned to serve on committees at the start of every Congress. Most assignments involve a three-step process involving the party caucuses and action on the House floor. First, a Member is nominated to committee assignments by their party's steering

  20. Why were so many metro stations in Moscow renamed?

    The Moscow metro system has 275 stations, and 28 of them have been renamed at some point or other—and several times in some cases. Most of these are the oldest stations, which opened in 1935.

  21. Moscow metro tour

    The Moscow Metro Tour is included in most guided tours' itineraries. Opened in 1935, under Stalin's regime, the metro was not only meant to solve transport problems, but also was hailed as "a people's palace". Every station you will see during your Moscow metro tour looks like a palace room. There are bright paintings, mosaics ...

  22. Victor Mukhin

    Catalysis Conference is a networking event covering all topics in catalysis, chemistry, chemical engineering and technology during October 19-21, 2017 in Las Vegas, USA. Well noted as well attended meeting among all other annual catalysis conferences 2018, chemical engineering conferences 2018 and chemistry webinars.

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